第 3 天：上午練習

簡易 GUI 程式庫

(返回練習)

// Copyright 2022 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// ANCHOR: setup
pub trait Widget {
    /// Natural width of `self`.
    fn width(&self) -> usize;

    /// Draw the widget into a buffer.
    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);

    /// Draw the widget on standard output.
    fn draw(&self) {
        let mut buffer = String::new();
        self.draw_into(&mut buffer);
        println!("{buffer}");
    }
}

pub struct Label {
    label: String,
}

impl Label {
    fn new(label: &str) -> Label {
        Label {
            label: label.to_owned(),
        }
    }
}

pub struct Button {
    label: Label,
    callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,
}

impl Button {
    fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {
        Button {
            label: Label::new(label),
            callback,
        }
    }
}

pub struct Window {
    title: String,
    widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,
}

impl Window {
    fn new(title: &str) -> Window {
        Window {
            title: title.to_owned(),
            widgets: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {
        self.widgets.push(widget);
    }

    fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {
        std::cmp::max(
            self.title.chars().count(),
            self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),
        )
    }
}

// ANCHOR_END: setup

// ANCHOR: Window-width
impl Widget for Window {
    fn width(&self) -> usize {
        // ANCHOR_END: Window-width
        // Add 4 paddings for borders
        self.inner_width() + 4
    }

    // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into
    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
        // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into
        let mut inner = String::new();
        for widget in &self.widgets {
            widget.draw_into(&mut inner);
        }

        let inner_width = self.inner_width();

        // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change
        // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use
        // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().
        writeln!(buffer, "+-{:-<inner_width$}-+", "").unwrap();
        writeln!(buffer, "| {:^inner_width$} |", &self.title).unwrap();
        writeln!(buffer, "+={:=<inner_width$}=+", "").unwrap();
        for line in inner.lines() {
            writeln!(buffer, "| {:inner_width$} |", line).unwrap();
        }
        writeln!(buffer, "+-{:-<inner_width$}-+", "").unwrap();
    }
}

// ANCHOR: Button-width
impl Widget for Button {
    fn width(&self) -> usize {
        // ANCHOR_END: Button-width
        self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding
    }

    // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into
    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
        // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into
        let width = self.width();
        let mut label = String::new();
        self.label.draw_into(&mut label);

        writeln!(buffer, "+{:-<width$}+", "").unwrap();
        for line in label.lines() {
            writeln!(buffer, "|{:^width$}|", &line).unwrap();
        }
        writeln!(buffer, "+{:-<width$}+", "").unwrap();
    }
}

// ANCHOR: Label-width
impl Widget for Label {
    fn width(&self) -> usize {
        // ANCHOR_END: Label-width
        self.label
            .lines()
            .map(|line| line.chars().count())
            .max()
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into
    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
        // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into
        writeln!(buffer, "{}", &self.label).unwrap();
    }
}

// ANCHOR: main
fn main() {
    let mut window = Window::new("Rust GUI Demo 1.23");
    window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new("This is a small text GUI demo.")));
    window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(
        "Click me!",
        Box::new(|| println!("You clicked the button!")),
    )));
    window.draw();
}
// ANCHOR_END: main

點和多邊形

(返回練習)

// Copyright 2022 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
// ANCHOR: Point
pub struct Point {
    // ANCHOR_END: Point
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
}

// ANCHOR: Point-impl
impl Point {
    // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl
    pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {
        Point { x, y }
    }

    pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {
        f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()
    }

    pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {
        (self - other).magnitude()
    }
}

impl std::ops::Add for Point {
    type Output = Self;

    fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
        Self {
            x: self.x + other.x,
            y: self.y + other.y,
        }
    }
}

impl std::ops::Sub for Point {
    type Output = Self;

    fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
        Self {
            x: self.x - other.x,
            y: self.y - other.y,
        }
    }
}

// ANCHOR: Polygon
pub struct Polygon {
    // ANCHOR_END: Polygon
    points: Vec<Point>,
}

// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl
impl Polygon {
    // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl
    pub fn new() -> Polygon {
        Polygon { points: Vec::new() }
    }

    pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {
        self.points.push(point);
    }

    pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {
        self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()
    }

    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {
        self.points.iter()
    }

    pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {
        if self.points.is_empty() {
            return 0.0;
        }

        let mut result = 0.0;
        let mut last_point = self.points[0];
        for point in &self.points[1..] {
            result += last_point.dist(*point);
            last_point = *point;
        }
        result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);
        result
        // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as pairs
        // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last point
        // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one of 
        // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine Iterator::cycle
        // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and using map 
        // and sum to calculate the total length.
    }
}

// ANCHOR: Circle
pub struct Circle {
    // ANCHOR_END: Circle
    center: Point,
    radius: i32,
}

// ANCHOR: Circle-impl
impl Circle {
    // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl
    pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {
        Circle { center, radius }
    }

    pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {
        2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)
    }

    pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {
        self.center.dist(other.center)
    }
}

// ANCHOR: Shape
pub enum Shape {
    Polygon(Polygon),
    Circle(Circle),
}
// ANCHOR_END: Shape

impl From<Polygon> for Shape {
    fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {
        Shape::Polygon(poly)
    }
}

impl From<Circle> for Shape {
    fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {
        Shape::Circle(circle)
    }
}

impl Shape {
    pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {
        match self {
            Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),
            Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),
        }
    }
}

// ANCHOR: unit-tests
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {
        (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_point_magnitude() {
        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);
        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_point_dist() {
        let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);
        let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);
        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_point_add() {
        let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);
        let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);
        assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {
        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);
        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);

        let mut poly = Polygon::new();
        poly.add_point(p1);
        poly.add_point(p2);
        assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_polygon_iter() {
        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);
        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);

        let mut poly = Polygon::new();
        poly.add_point(p1);
        poly.add_point(p2);

        let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_shape_perimeters() {
        let mut poly = Polygon::new();
        poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));
        poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));
        poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));
        let shapes = vec![
            Shape::from(poly),
            Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),
        ];
        let perimeters = shapes
            .iter()
            .map(Shape::perimeter)
            .map(round_two_digits)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);
    }
}
// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests

fn main() {}