String๊ณผ str

์ด์ œ ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

fn main() {
    let s1: &str = "World";
    println!("s1: {s1}");

    let mut s2: String = String::from("Hello ");
    println!("s2: {s2}");
    s2.push_str(s1);
    println!("s2: {s2}");
    
    let s3: &str = &s2[6..];
    println!("s3: {s3}");
}

๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์šฉ์–ด:

  • &str์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ (๋ถˆ๋ณ€) ์ฐธ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • String์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • &str์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” UTF-8๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿด("Hello")์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ Stringํƒ€์ž…์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฑํ„ฐ(Vec<u8>)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Vec<T>๊ฐ€ T๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, String์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์€ String์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ€์ž…๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ String::from๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. String::new()๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋นˆ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. push()์™€ push_str()๋ฉ”์„œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • format!() ๋งคํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งคํฌ๋กœ๋Š” println!() ๋งคํฌ๋กœ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ๋งทํŒ… ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • &์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ String์—์„œ &str์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋‹น์‹ ์ด C++ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ ๋ผ๋ฉด: &str๋Š” C++์˜ const char*์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ String์€ C++์˜ std::string ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋žต ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ : ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ String์€ UTF-8 ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋งŒ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์ตœ์ ํ™”(small-string optimization)๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.